What Is a Museum?What Is a Museum?
A museum is an institution dedicated to preserving and interpreting the primary tangible evidence of humankind’s cultural evolution and environment. It differs from a library in that its items are generally unique and communicate directly with the audience.
Museums are founded for a wide variety of reasons: to serve as recreational facilities, scholarly venues, educational resources, or to promote civic pride and nationalistic endeavour; to attract tourists; and even to transmit overtly ideological concepts. Museums also vary greatly in terms of form and content.
A museum can be a building, an archive, or a collection of objects. Often, museums specialize in particular areas of knowledge: art, history, science and technology, natural history, or egyptology (the study of ancient Egyptian culture). Museums can be private or public, national or international, large or small. They may be located in cities, towns, or rural areas. Some museums are open-air, while others are housed in buildings that re-create whole townscapes or neighborhoods, such as the historic town of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, United States.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, museums primarily focused on collecting, preserving and displaying culturally significant objects for visitors to enjoy. However, as museums evolved, the emphasis shifted to providing an interpretive framework for the objects displayed in their buildings and to the broader context of the cultural heritage of society which they represented. In this context, a broader definition of the museum emerged, and a number of new types of museums appeared including open-air museums and ecomuseums.
The development of a museum begins with the museum plan, a process by which the museum’s mission is defined. It includes a feasibility study and analysis of comparable facilities, and it also identifies the resources, organization and experiences necessary to realize that mission. Throughout the planning process, the museum is able to develop a clearer understanding of its potential impact and how it can contribute to society.
In a well-run museum, the Director and Board of Directors establish a system of governance which is guided by policies that set standards for the institution. These include an institutional plan, code of ethics, bylaws, and collections policy.
Museums are managed by a professional staff, including curators, registrars, librarians, archivists, and preservationists, who work in tandem with museum educators to create learning opportunities for museum audiences. Educators design and implement programs, activities and materials for museum visitors, and they often collaborate with other staff members on exhibition and program development to ensure that museum experiences are audience-friendly.
The word museum comes from the Greek mouseion, or “masseum,” meaning a gathering place for the Muses (or muses). Since the beginning of recorded history, humans have collected and preserved objects, which they then display to their audiences in order to communicate with them about these objects and to provide an insight into the world in which they live. These objects are called artifacts and can range from household goods to paintings and sculptures.