Cultural heritage refers to all the tangible and intangible traces that remain from past human activities such as beliefs, values systems, traditions, ways of life, art forms and natural landscapes. It has been argued that heritage has a universal value as it shows us our common humanity, as we all share the same history and values. It also has a special role to play in the identity construction of individuals, groups and communities. It can be seen as an invaluable resource which is of significance to sustainable development.
The notion of cultural heritage developed as a result of complex historical processes and is continuously evolving. It is based on historically changing value systems that are recognized by different groups of people, creating the various categories of cultural and natural heritage (world heritage, national heritage etc). The selection of which objects, monuments or natural environments are preserved sets the future trajectory for these different cultures in terms of their understanding of themselves and their relationship with the environment.
In addition to the cultural aspects of heritage, there are other issues that need to be taken into consideration. These include contested histories and conflicting narratives, repatriation of human remains (museums), inclusion and exclusion, the culture of practice in museums, archives and libraries, and moral rights to cultural heritage. Other important issues include the cultural appropriation of heritage by certain groups and the use of heritage as an instrument for political manipulation.
A number of studies have explored the importance and value of heritage for society. For example, a study by Ekwelem & Okafor suggests that heritage preservation enhances cultural continuity and builds social cohesion and is indispensable for sustainable development. It also helps to visualize the past and envision the future, and provides a sense of belonging to people, communities and nations.
Another study on the impact of cultural heritage in the field of tourism and economic development argues that it increases economic benefits, such as employment opportunities, local product development, community participation, and local and international visitor arrivals. The authors of the study suggest that preserving cultural heritage is an effective tool for promoting regional development and tourism, especially in developing countries.
Other studies have found that the preservation of cultural heritage can help with environmental protection and can increase tourist satisfaction and the overall quality of tourism in a region. It can be used as a means to promote the natural environment, a sense of place and the local culture, and it may also contribute to the preservation of traditional lifestyles.
However, a number of studies have highlighted the difficulties involved in the conservation of cultural heritage. For example, studies have indicated that heritage properties are often neglected because their owners do not perceive them as valuable. This is particularly true for minority cultures. In addition, the cost of maintaining heritage sites can be prohibitive. Moreover, the difficulties involved in transporting heritage through zones of conflict are often underestimated.